-
1 spatial intelligence
1) Общая лексика: пространственное мышление2) Психология: пространственный интеллект -
2 spatial
-
3 spatial awareness
-
4 SIC
1) Общая лексика: Постоянный комитет по интерпретации стандартов2) Компьютерная техника: Supply Installation and Commissioning, spatial interference cancellation3) Медицина: small intestine content, sample injection cup4) Американизм: Standard Industrial Code5) Спорт: Serious Injury Clan, Specializing In Competition6) Военный термин: Score Information Criterion, Security Intelligence Corps, Special Industry Code, Standard Industry Classifications, System Integration Configuration, System Integration Contractor, satellite information center, scientific information center, second-in-command, signal intelligence center, sonar information center, standard inspection criteria, station identification code, survey information center, systems integration contract, Subject Indicator Code (NATO message code)7) Техника: sonar intelligence center, station-identification code8) Шутливое выражение: Society Of Indigent Cattle9) Религия: Sisters In Christ, Soldiers In Christ10) Бухгалтерия: Severely Indebted Category11) Страхование: Standard Industry Code12) Биржевой термин: Securities Investment Company13) Оптика: semiconductor integrated circuit14) Сокращение: Senior Intelligence Committee (USA), Sno Info Conference, Standard Industrial Classification (a United States government system for classifying industries by a four-digit code which since 1997 is gradually being replaced by the 6 digit North American Industry Classification System, NAICS), Stepwise Improvement Classification (training method in Siemens OCR Adaptive Read system)15) Вычислительная техника: Subject Indicator Code, silicon integrated circuit17) Транспорт: Seat In Coach18) СМИ: Said In Context, Shared Image Creator, Stand In Context19) Аудит: Standing Interpretations Committee20) Образование: Spelled In Correctly, Spelling Is Correct21) Сетевые технологии: Standard Industrial Classification22) Полимеры: specific inductive capacity23) Программирование: Symbolic Instruction Code24) Автоматика: standard industry classification25) Безопасность: Secure Identification Chip26) Военно-политический термин: Special International Council27) Электротехника: simultaneous interchange capability28) Чат: Said In Content30) НАСА: Spacecraft Identification Code31) Библиотечное дело: Spelling In Context -
5 SiC
1) Общая лексика: Постоянный комитет по интерпретации стандартов2) Компьютерная техника: Supply Installation and Commissioning, spatial interference cancellation3) Медицина: small intestine content, sample injection cup4) Американизм: Standard Industrial Code5) Спорт: Serious Injury Clan, Specializing In Competition6) Военный термин: Score Information Criterion, Security Intelligence Corps, Special Industry Code, Standard Industry Classifications, System Integration Configuration, System Integration Contractor, satellite information center, scientific information center, second-in-command, signal intelligence center, sonar information center, standard inspection criteria, station identification code, survey information center, systems integration contract, Subject Indicator Code (NATO message code)7) Техника: sonar intelligence center, station-identification code8) Шутливое выражение: Society Of Indigent Cattle9) Религия: Sisters In Christ, Soldiers In Christ10) Бухгалтерия: Severely Indebted Category11) Страхование: Standard Industry Code12) Биржевой термин: Securities Investment Company13) Оптика: semiconductor integrated circuit14) Сокращение: Senior Intelligence Committee (USA), Sno Info Conference, Standard Industrial Classification (a United States government system for classifying industries by a four-digit code which since 1997 is gradually being replaced by the 6 digit North American Industry Classification System, NAICS), Stepwise Improvement Classification (training method in Siemens OCR Adaptive Read system)15) Вычислительная техника: Subject Indicator Code, silicon integrated circuit17) Транспорт: Seat In Coach18) СМИ: Said In Context, Shared Image Creator, Stand In Context19) Аудит: Standing Interpretations Committee20) Образование: Spelled In Correctly, Spelling Is Correct21) Сетевые технологии: Standard Industrial Classification22) Полимеры: specific inductive capacity23) Программирование: Symbolic Instruction Code24) Автоматика: standard industry classification25) Безопасность: Secure Identification Chip26) Военно-политический термин: Special International Council27) Электротехника: simultaneous interchange capability28) Чат: Said In Content30) НАСА: Spacecraft Identification Code31) Библиотечное дело: Spelling In Context -
6 sic
1) Общая лексика: Постоянный комитет по интерпретации стандартов2) Компьютерная техника: Supply Installation and Commissioning, spatial interference cancellation3) Медицина: small intestine content, sample injection cup4) Американизм: Standard Industrial Code5) Спорт: Serious Injury Clan, Specializing In Competition6) Военный термин: Score Information Criterion, Security Intelligence Corps, Special Industry Code, Standard Industry Classifications, System Integration Configuration, System Integration Contractor, satellite information center, scientific information center, second-in-command, signal intelligence center, sonar information center, standard inspection criteria, station identification code, survey information center, systems integration contract, Subject Indicator Code (NATO message code)7) Техника: sonar intelligence center, station-identification code8) Шутливое выражение: Society Of Indigent Cattle9) Религия: Sisters In Christ, Soldiers In Christ10) Бухгалтерия: Severely Indebted Category11) Страхование: Standard Industry Code12) Биржевой термин: Securities Investment Company13) Оптика: semiconductor integrated circuit14) Сокращение: Senior Intelligence Committee (USA), Sno Info Conference, Standard Industrial Classification (a United States government system for classifying industries by a four-digit code which since 1997 is gradually being replaced by the 6 digit North American Industry Classification System, NAICS), Stepwise Improvement Classification (training method in Siemens OCR Adaptive Read system)15) Вычислительная техника: Subject Indicator Code, silicon integrated circuit17) Транспорт: Seat In Coach18) СМИ: Said In Context, Shared Image Creator, Stand In Context19) Аудит: Standing Interpretations Committee20) Образование: Spelled In Correctly, Spelling Is Correct21) Сетевые технологии: Standard Industrial Classification22) Полимеры: specific inductive capacity23) Программирование: Symbolic Instruction Code24) Автоматика: standard industry classification25) Безопасность: Secure Identification Chip26) Военно-политический термин: Special International Council27) Электротехника: simultaneous interchange capability28) Чат: Said In Content30) НАСА: Spacecraft Identification Code31) Библиотечное дело: Spelling In Context -
7 GIS
1) Geographic Information System - географическая информационная система, геоинформационная система, ГИСкласс программных систем, связанных с вводом, обработкой, хранением, анализом и отображением пространственных данных, таких, как карты местности, топографические планы, схемы и т. п. Иногда в отдельный класс выделяются городские ГИС (urban GIS)см. тж. AVL, composite map, derivative map, digital cartography, digital map, geocoding, geographical coordinates, geographic feature, geospatial browser, geospatial data, geospatial intelligence, GPS, information system, NIMA, OGC, SDTS, spatial data, spatial query, triangulation, URISA2) Global Information Society - глобальное информационное обществосм. тж. GIIАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > GIS
-
8 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
-
9 ISIS
1) Компьютерная техника: Image Structure Information And Style, Integrated Spatial Information System2) Медицина: Internet Sexuality Information Services3) Американизм: Inspection Services Information System4) Военный термин: Integrated Signals Intelligence System, Integrated Systems for Installation Support, Interim SOCOM Intelligence Threat Data System, International Strategic Institute of Stanford, Interservice Information Service, Isis Stands For Intelligent Sensing, integrated scientific information system, integrated strike and interceptor system, item standardization information system, Institute for Software Integrated Systems5) Техника: image storage inspection system, instrumented satellite for ionospheric studies, integrated safeguards information system, integrated strike and interception system, internally switched interface system6) Металлургия: Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel7) Сокращение: Improved Speech Intelligibility System (USA), Institute for Science & International Security, Washington (USA), Institute of Strategic & International Studies Malaysia, Integral Spar Inspection System, Integrated Ship Instrumentation System, Integrated Shipboard Information System8) Университет: Integral Studies Of Inner Sciences, Integrated Student Information System9) Электроника: International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies10) Вычислительная техника: Integrated Systems and Information Services (OS, Intel), Intermediate System to Intermediate System (protocol / routing, OSI, RFC 1195)11) Космонавтика: Intelligent Satellite Data Information System (DLR), International Space Information Service (Office for Outer Space Affairs)12) Деловая лексика: Industrial Sieves Inspection System, Internet Service Information System13) Образование: Independent Schools Information Service, Information Services In Schools, International Studies For Indiana Schools, Internet Student Information System, Iowa Student Information Services14) Океанография: Integrated Surface Irradiance Study15) Безопасность: Институт науки и международной безопасности (сокр. от "Institute for Science and International Security"; расположен в г. Вашингтон, США)16) Расширение файла: Integrated Systems and Information Services17) НАСДАК: Independence Square Income Securities18) НАСА: Integrated Science Instrument System19) Программное обеспечение: International Species Information System20) Федеральное бюро расследований: Indices Search Slip -
10 Isis
1) Компьютерная техника: Image Structure Information And Style, Integrated Spatial Information System2) Медицина: Internet Sexuality Information Services3) Американизм: Inspection Services Information System4) Военный термин: Integrated Signals Intelligence System, Integrated Systems for Installation Support, Interim SOCOM Intelligence Threat Data System, International Strategic Institute of Stanford, Interservice Information Service, Isis Stands For Intelligent Sensing, integrated scientific information system, integrated strike and interceptor system, item standardization information system, Institute for Software Integrated Systems5) Техника: image storage inspection system, instrumented satellite for ionospheric studies, integrated safeguards information system, integrated strike and interception system, internally switched interface system6) Металлургия: Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel7) Сокращение: Improved Speech Intelligibility System (USA), Institute for Science & International Security, Washington (USA), Institute of Strategic & International Studies Malaysia, Integral Spar Inspection System, Integrated Ship Instrumentation System, Integrated Shipboard Information System8) Университет: Integral Studies Of Inner Sciences, Integrated Student Information System9) Электроника: International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies10) Вычислительная техника: Integrated Systems and Information Services (OS, Intel), Intermediate System to Intermediate System (protocol / routing, OSI, RFC 1195)11) Космонавтика: Intelligent Satellite Data Information System (DLR), International Space Information Service (Office for Outer Space Affairs)12) Деловая лексика: Industrial Sieves Inspection System, Internet Service Information System13) Образование: Independent Schools Information Service, Information Services In Schools, International Studies For Indiana Schools, Internet Student Information System, Iowa Student Information Services14) Океанография: Integrated Surface Irradiance Study15) Безопасность: Институт науки и международной безопасности (сокр. от "Institute for Science and International Security"; расположен в г. Вашингтон, США)16) Расширение файла: Integrated Systems and Information Services17) НАСДАК: Independence Square Income Securities18) НАСА: Integrated Science Instrument System19) Программное обеспечение: International Species Information System20) Федеральное бюро расследований: Indices Search Slip -
11 SIE
1) Компьютерная техника: Spatial Information Engineering2) Спорт: Self Induced Elimination3) Военный термин: Space Intelligence Element, science information exchange, selected inertial equipment, selective IR emitter, systems integration equipment4) Техника: Shuttle interface equipment, Shuttle interphone equipment, sensor input electronics, specific ion electrode5) Строительство: Selective ion electrode6) Метеорология: Singular Isothermal Ellipse7) Сокращение: Self-Initiated Elimination, Structurally Integrated Enclosure8) Университет: Systems and Industrial Engineering9) Физиология: Superficial Inferior Epigastric10) Фирменный знак: Scottish Institute for Enterprise, Stu Import Export, Inc.11) Деловая лексика: Simple Innovative And Effective12) Образование: Specialized Instructional Environments13) Программирование: Start Interpreted Execution14) Автоматика: select information exchange15) Контроль качества: standard items and equipment16) NYSE. Sierra Health Services, Inc. -
12 SPIRE
1) Военный термин: special intelligence report2) Техника: sensor performances in radiation environments project, space infrared experiment program, spectral infrared rocket experiment3) Сокращение: Sight Periscopic InfraRed Equipment, Skeletal Perspective Image, Spatial & Spectral Infra-Red Experiment (USA) -
13 spire
1) Военный термин: special intelligence report2) Техника: sensor performances in radiation environments project, space infrared experiment program, spectral infrared rocket experiment3) Сокращение: Sight Periscopic InfraRed Equipment, Skeletal Perspective Image, Spatial & Spectral Infra-Red Experiment (USA) -
14 bandwidth
1) ширина полосы частот; ширина спектра; диапазон рабочих частот2) ширина полосы (напр. пропускания)3) пропускная способность (напр. канала связи, в бит/с, бодах и др.)•- active bandwidth
- allocated frequency bandwidth
- amplifier bandwidth
- antenna bandwidth
- authorized bandwidth
- baseband bandwidth
- Bragg bandwidth
- channel bandwidth
- chrominance bandwidth
- chrominance-channel bandwidth
- closed-loop bandwidth
- communication bandwidth
- design bandwidth
- Doppler bandwidth
- effective bandwidth
- emission bandwidth
- facsimile bandwidth
- fiber bandwidth - information bandwidth
- input/output bandwidth
- instantaneous bandwidth
- intelligence bandwidth
- intermediate-frequency bandwidth
- I/O bandwidth
- modulation bandwidth
- monochrome channel bandwidth
- monochrome signal bandwidth
- necessary bandwidth
- noise bandwidth
- normalized bandwidth
- null-to-null bandwidth
- Nyquist bandwidth
- occupied bandwidth
- octave bandwidth
- open-loop bandwidth
- phase bandwidth
- pin bandwidth
- polarization bandwidth
- postconversion bandwidth
- postdetection bandwidth
- power bandwidth
- predetection bandwidth
- pulse bandwidth
- quantized signal bandwidth
- radio-frequency bandwidth
- receiver bandwidth
- RF bandwidth
- signal bandwidth
- space bandwidth
- spatial bandwidth
- specifying bandwidth
- stop bandwidth
- transmission bandwidth
- tunable bandwidth
- video bandwidth
- wasted bandwidth -
15 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
16 bandwidth
1) ширина полосы частот; ширина спектра; диапазон рабочих частот2) ширина полосы (напр. пропускания)3) пропускная способность (напр. канала связи, в бит/c, бодах и др.)•- allocated frequency bandwidth
- amplifier bandwidth
- antenna bandwidth
- authorized bandwidth
- bandwidth of matrix
- baseband bandwidth
- Bragg bandwidth
- channel bandwidth
- chrominance bandwidth
- chrominance-channel bandwidth
- closed-loop bandwidth
- communication bandwidth
- design bandwidth
- Doppler bandwidth
- effective bandwidth
- emission bandwidth
- facsimile bandwidth
- fiber bandwidth
- half-power bandwidth
- hopped bandwidth
- I/O bandwidth
- information bandwidth
- input/output bandwidth
- instantaneous bandwidth
- intelligence bandwidth
- intermediate-frequency bandwidth
- modulation bandwidth
- monochrome channel bandwidth
- monochrome signal bandwidth
- necessary bandwidth
- noise bandwidth
- normalized bandwidth
- null-to-null bandwidth
- Nyquist bandwidth
- occupied bandwidth
- octave bandwidth
- open-loop bandwidth
- phase bandwidth
- pin bandwidth
- polarization bandwidth
- postconversion bandwidth
- postdetection bandwidth
- power bandwidth
- predetection bandwidth
- pulse bandwidth
- quantized signal bandwidth
- radio-frequency bandwidth
- receiver bandwidth
- RF bandwidth
- signal bandwidth
- space bandwidth
- spatial bandwidth
- specifying bandwidth
- stop bandwidth
- transmission bandwidth
- tunable bandwidth
- video bandwidth
- wasted bandwidthThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > bandwidth
-
17 Mind
It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)[Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive AnalysesRecent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind
См. также в других словарях:
Spatial visualization ability — or Visual spatial ability is the ability to mentally manipulate 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional figures. It is typically measured with simple cognitive tests and is predictive of user performance with some kinds of user interfaces.MeasurementThe… … Wikipedia
Intelligence — For other uses, see Intelligence (disambiguation). Human intelligence Abilities and Traits Abstract thought Communication · … Wikipedia
Spatial ETL — tools provide the data processing functionality of traditional Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) software, but with a primary focus on the ability to manage spatial data (which may also be called geographic, map or location data). Extract and… … Wikipedia
INTELLIGENCE — De tous les concepts que la psychologie a hérités de la tradition philosophique et religieuse, celui d’intelligence est sans doute le plus marqué par ses antécédents culturels. L’intelligence représente la fonction par laquelle l’homme a essayé… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Intelligence Animale — Note : Par souci de concision, cet article ne traite pas de l intelligence des êtres humains, bien qu ils soient eux aussi des animaux intelligents. Pour un article spécifique sur l intelligence humaine, voir intelligence. Une comparaison du … Wikipédia en Français
Intelligence quotient — IQ redirects here. For other uses, see IQ (disambiguation). Intelligence quotient Diagnostics An example of one kind of IQ test item, modeled after items in the Raven s Progressive Matrices test … Wikipedia
intelligence, human — ▪ psychology Introduction mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one (human being) s environment. Much of… … Universalium
Spatial database — A spatial database is a database that is optimized to store and query data related to objects in space, including points, lines and polygons. While typical databases can understand various numeric and character types of data, additional… … Wikipedia
Intelligence animale — Note : Par souci de concision, cet article ne traite pas de l intelligence des êtres humains, bien qu ils soient eux aussi des animaux intelligents. Pour un article spécifique sur l intelligence humaine, voir intelligence. Une comparaison du … Wikipédia en Français
Sex and intelligence — research investigates differences in the distributions of cognitive skills between men and women. This research employs experimental tests of cognitive ability, which take a variety of forms. Research focuses on differences in individual skills… … Wikipedia
Environment and intelligence — are two closely related aspects of human well being. The impact of environment on intelligence is one of the most important factors in understanding human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability.Historically,… … Wikipedia
